Integrative Governance Model For Sustainable Rural Tourism Planning: The Case Of Tanjung Boleng Village, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47608/jki.v19i22025.283-308Keywords:
Sustainable tourism, Resilience, Dynamic conservation, Tourism governance, Community-based tourism, Rural development, West ManggaraiAbstract
This study develops an integrative planning and design model for tourism governance in Tanjung Boleng Village, West Manggarai, grounded in sustainability, resilience, and dynamic conservation. Existing governance frameworks rarely integrate these three dimensions simultaneously within the context of rural tourism, often resulting in fragmented management and limited adaptive capacity. The study formulates a governance framework that aligns ecological preservation, socio-cultural empowerment, and adaptive policy mechanisms. A qualitative methodology was employed, incorporating in-depth interviews, participatory observation, documentation review, and focus group discussions with multi-sectoral stakeholders—data were analyzed thematically to identify interrelationships among environmental, social, and institutional dimensions. The resulting empirically informed model integrates ecological, socio-cultural, and policy factors within a coherent structure, thereby advancing theoretical understanding of planning and designing sustainable tourism governance. Moreover, the model provides a practical, replicable framework for adaptive, community-based tourism development in rural destinations with similar characteristics.
Downloads
References
Ahern, J. (2020). Urban and rural resilience: Integrating spatial planning, social inclusion, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(3), 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031105
Al-Ansi, A., & Han, H. (2019). Role of destination sustainability and image in predicting tourist loyalty: A case of eco-tourism. Sustainability, 11(12), 3493. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123493
Badan Pelaksana Otorita Pariwisata Labuan Bajo Flores.(2025). Tourism Masterplan Tanjung Boleng, Manggarai Barat. Labuan Bajo. Badan Pelaksana Otorita Pariwisata Flores.
Beatley, T. (2020). Handbook of sustainable urban and rural design. Routledge.
Becken, S., & Kaur, J. (2021). Sustainability in tourism: Transformational leadership and governance challenges.Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1449–1465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1849232
Becken, S., & Kaur, J. (2021). Tourism facing a pandemic: From crisis to transformation. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103089
Biggs, R., Schlüter, M., & Schoon, M. L. (2021). Principles for building resilience: Sustaining ecosystem services in social-ecological systems. Cambridge University Press.
Bock, B. B., & Gasser, M. (2021). Reframing social innovation for rural development: A critical perspective. Journal of Rural Studies, 82, 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.02.004
Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2020). Towards new research on governance for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1703872
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Buhalis, D. (2021). Smart destinations: Enhancing tourism governance through digital transformation. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 100568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2021.100568
Carneiro, M. J., Breda, Z., & Eusébio, C. (2022). Beyond metrics: Evaluating social value creation in sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(9), 1921–1940. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1944643
Chambers, R. (2021). Participatory methods in rural development: Innovations and reflections. Development in Practice, 31(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2021.1884503
Cooke, B., & Kothari, U. (2020). Participation: The new tyranny? Zed Books.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2021). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dangi, T. B., & Gribb, W. J. (2021). Sustainable tourism: A review of destination governance and policy trends. Tourism Planning & Development, 18(4), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2020.1845052
Dredge, D., & Jamal, T. (2021). Network governance in tourism: From policy to practice. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, 100782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100782
Ekka, D., & Annamalai, S. (2022). Operationalizing sustainable tourism during COVID-19: Insights from local tourism initiatives. Sustainable Development, 30(6), 1621–1633. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2241
Escamis, J. E., & Hinlayagan, K. R. (2024). Community-Based Tourism Implementation as mediator on the relationship between community participation and socio-economic sustainability of tourism. American Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 2(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajth.v2i1.3629 E-Palli Journals
Escobar, A. (2020). Pluriversal politics: The real and the possible. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11cw25q
Fatorić, S., & Seekamp, E. (2020). Linking community engagement with climate adaptation and heritage conservation: A framework for resilience planning. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 10(3), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-04-2020-0041
Folke, C., Biggs, R., Norström, A. V., Reyers, B., & Rockström, J. (2021). Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecology and Society, 26(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12358-260141
Peng, J., et.al.(2025). Forest Ecosystem Conservation Through Rural Tourism and Ecosystem Services: A systematic review. (2023). Forests, 16(10), 1559. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16101559
Gibson, C., Waitt, G., & Wood, L. (2021). Heritage, participation, and sustainable rural tourism: Towards dynamic conservation in practice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(12), 1975–1993. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1917632
Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Sustainable tourism governance: Current practices and future directions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1025–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1917401
Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). (2020). GSTC Destination Criteria (Version 2.0).https://www.gstcouncil.org
Hariyadi, B. R., Rokhman, A., Rosyadi, S., Yamin, M., & Runtiko, A. G. (2024). The role of community-based tourism in sustainable tourism village development in Indonesia. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(7), e05466. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n7-038
Hassan, S., & Thomas, R. (2020). Collaborative destination governance for resilience and sustainability. Tourism Geographies, 22(4), 621–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1665421
Hall, C. M., Prayag, G., & Amore, A. (2023). Tourism resilience and adaptation: New frontiers in theory and practice.Channel View Publications.
Haxeltine, A., Pel, B., Dumitru, A., Avelino, F., & Kemp, R. (2020). Conceptualizing the role of social innovation in sustainability transformations. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 34, 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.02.001
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2022). Transforming tourism: Addressing power, justice and sustainability in the Anthropocene. Tourism Geographies, 24(2), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1893823
Hockings, M., Dudley, N., Elliott, W., Ferwerda, W., MacKinnon, K., & Sandwith, T. (2020). Living landscapes: A call to action for the global conservation community. IUCN
IPCC. (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/
Kürüm Varolgüneş, F., Çelik, F., Del Río Rama, M. de la C., & Álvarez García, J. (2022). Reassessment of sustainable rural tourism strategies after COVID 19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 944412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.944412
Lane, B., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M. J. (2022). Rural tourism and sustainability: A special issue, review and update for the opening years of the twenty first century. Sustainability, 14(10), 6070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106070
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Blackwell.
Lew, A. A. (2020). Tourism resilience and sustainable tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 45(2), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1720412
Li, F., Xu, J., & Law, R. (2023). Smart tourism governance: Leveraging digital platforms for destination management. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55, 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.01.004
Mariani, M., Borghi, M., & Cappa, F. (2021). Network governance in tourism destinations: A multi-level approach. Tourism Management, 83, 104236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104236
Merriman, P. (2022). Space, place, and mobility: Thinking geographically in the twenty-first century. Progress in Human Geography, 46(5), 1012–1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211052610
Morrison, A. M. (2023). Marketing and managing tourism destinations (5th ed.). Routledge.
Moscardo, G. (2021). Understanding tourism and community development: A place-based approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1610–1628. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1928372
Nair, V., & Hussain, K. (2021). Social innovation and sustainable community tourism: A networked governance approach. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, 100886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100886
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
OECD. (2022). OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2022 (Chapter 2: Building resilience in the tourism ecosystem). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/a8dd3019-en
Păunescu, C., Duică, M. C., & Popescu, M. C. (2022). Social innovation for sustainable tourism in rural communities. Sustainability, 14(5), 2592. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052592
Postma, A., Cavagnaro, E., & Spruyt, E. (2020). Managing tourism in a changing world: Strategies for destination resilience. CABI Publishing.
Postma, A., Schmuecker, D., & Barker, M. (2025). Scenario planning in tourism: Navigating uncertainty in times of crisis. Journal of Tourism Futures, 11(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-03-2025-0089
Postma, A., Cavagnaro, E., & Spruyt, H. (2025). Scenario planning in sustainable tourism: Tools for resilient destinations. Tourism Management, 98, 104491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2024.104491
Porto-Gonçalves, C. W., & Leff, E. (2022). Political ecology and the pluriverse: Decolonizing development and reterritorializing knowledge. Ecological Economics, 194, 107346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107346
Richards, G., & Duif, L. (2020). Small cities with big dreams: Creative placemaking and tourism development.Routledge.
Roberts, J., Hall, C. M., & Mitchell, R. (2022). Translating sustainable tourism concepts into practice: Lessons from emerging destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(4), 701–718. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1999056
Roberts, C., Reynolds, J., & Dolasinski, M. J. (2022). Meta-analysis of tourism sustainability research: 2019–2021. Sustainability, 14(6), Article 3303. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063303
Scheyvens, R. (2020). Tourism for development: Reflecting on a decade of research. Tourism Geographies, 22(1), 192–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1674357
Salazar, N. B. (2022). Transforming heritage tourism: Dynamic conservation, community empowerment, and authenticity. Tourism Geographies, 24(4), 660–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2021.1965723
Scheyvens, R., & Biddulph, R. (2018). Inclusive tourism development. Tourism Geographies, 20(4), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1381985
Shi, Y., Zhang, J., Cui, X., & Zhang, G. (2022). Evaluating sustainability of tourism projects in rural land development based on a resilience model. Land, 11(12), 2245. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122245
Simpson, M. C. (2020). Community-based tourism and empowerment: Strategies for sustainable rural development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1375–1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1719045
Simorangkir, J. (2024). Collaborative management and sustainable tourism in Indonesia: Integrating local products and community engagement. Sustainability, 16(2), 1234. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16021234
Soja, E. W. (2020). Seeking spatial justice. University of Minnesota Press.
Sterling, E., Betley, E., Sigouin, A., Gomez, A., Toomey, A., Cullman, G., & Vira, B. (2020). Assessing the evidence for stakeholder engagement in biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation, 248, 108651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108651
Teguh, F. (2021). Tata kelola destinasi membangun ekosistem pariwisata. UGM Press.
Vu Thi Hong Phuong, T., Nguyen, H., & Tran, T. (2025). Determinants of community participation in sustainable tourism development: Evidence from Vietnam. Tourism Management Perspectives, 44, 101004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101004
United Nations. (2021). The UN global sustainable development report 2021: The decade of action for the Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations. https://sdgs.un.org/goals
UN Tourism. (2019). Guidelines for institutional strengthening of destination management organizations (DMOs). United Nations World Tourism Organization.
UN Tourism. (2021). One Planet Vision for a Responsible Recovery of the Tourism Sector. United Nations World Tourism Organization. https://www.unwto.org/oneplanet/responsible-recovery
UN Tourism. (2021). Tourism governance for sustainable development: Guidelines and best practices. United Nations World Tourism Organization. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422381
Wondirad, A., Tolkach, D., & King, B. (2021). Stakeholder collaboration as a major factor for sustainable ecotourism development in developing countries. Tourism Management, 83, 104233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104233
Yin, R. K. (2022). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience thinking: Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world. Island Press.
Vu Thi Hong Phuong, et al. (2025). Factors shaping local residents’ participation in sustainable tourism: A case study in Vietnam. Discover Sustainability, 6, Article 746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01687-8
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Fransiskus Xaverius Teguh

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.









